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Atlantic Canada

Coordinates: 47°N 62°W / 47°N 62°W / 47; -62
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Atlantic provinces)
Not to be confused with The Maritimes.
Atlantic Canada
Provinces de l'Atlantique (French)
Region
Atlantic Canada (red) within the rest of Canada
Atlantic Canada (red) within the rest of Canada
CountryCanada
Composition
Most populous municipalityHalifax
Area
 • Total488,000 km2 (188,000 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total2,409,874
 • Density4/km2 (10/sq mi)
Time zones
The Maritimes and LabradorUTC-4:00 (AST)
NewfoundlandUTC-3:30 (NST)

Atlantic Canada, also called the Atlantic provinces (French: provinces de l'Atlantique), is the region of Eastern Canada comprising four provinces: New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. As of 2021, the landmass of the four Atlantic provinces was approximately 488,000 km2 (188,000 sq mi), and had a population of over 2.4 million people. The term Atlantic Canada was popularized following the admission of Newfoundland as a Canadian province in 1949. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is not included in the Maritimes, another significant regional term, but is included in Atlantic Canada.

History

[edit]

The Atlantic Provinces are the historical territories of the Mi'kmaq,[1] Naskapi,[2] Beothuk[3][4] and Nunatsiavut[5][6] peoples. The people of Nunatsiavut are the Labrador inuit (Labradormiut), who are descended from the Thule people.[6][7]

Around 1021 the first Norse settlements were established in modern day Newfoundland.[8][9] Little remains of these settlements or other norse activity in Atlantic Canada except for the archaeological site L'Anse aux Meadows.[10][11] The site produced the first evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact of Europeans with the Americas outside of Greenland.[9][12]

Acadia, a colony of New France, was established in areas of present day Atlantic Canada in 1604, under the leadership of Samuel de Champlain and Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons.[13] The French would form alliances with many indigenous groups within Atlantic Canada, including the Mi'kmaq of Acadia, who joined the Wabanaki Confederacy, important allies to New France.[14]

Painting shows romanticised view of United Empire Loyalists arriving in New Brunswick, ca. 1783

In 1713 the Treaty of Utrecht was signed between Britain and France where France ceded Nova Scotia and its claims to Newfoundland and territories in Rupert's Land.[15][16] Between 1755 and 1764 during the Seven Years' War the British forcibly removed thousands of Acadians from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in an event known as the Great Expulsion or Le Grand Dérangement.[16][17] After the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1764 some of the Acadians returned and settled in New Brunswick causing the region to become bilingual for a period of time.[18]

After the conclusion of the American Revolution with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 many loyalists from the United States settled in the region.[19][20] This influx of immigrants caused the partition of Nova Scotia creating New Brunswick.[21][22] Additionally these immigrants changed the culture and character of the region which had historically been French towards more British styled communities.[23][24] It also marked one of the first large waves of migration to the area that established a predominantly Anglo-Canadian population.[20][25][26]

The first premier of Newfoundland, Joey Smallwood, coined the term "Atlantic Canada" when the Dominion of Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949.[27] He believed that it would have been presumptuous for Newfoundland to assume that it could include itself within the existing term "Maritime provinces," which was used to describe the cultural similarities shared by New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.[28][29][30] The other provinces of Atlantic Canada entered Confederation during the 19th century with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia being founding members of the Dominion of Canada in 1867,[27][31] and later Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.[27][30][32]

Geography

[edit]
Historical map showing parts of Atlantic Canada

Atlantic Canada is characterized by its rugged coastlines, gravel beaches, rugged mountains, and dense forests.[33][18] Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south,[34] Quebec to the west. The region shares two international borders one with the United States and it's State of Maine[33] and another off the coast of Newfoundland with France and it's overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.[35][36] The region's maritime environment has profoundly influenced the regions climate, culture, and economy.[33] The area encompasses a mix of urban centers like Halifax and St. John's and rural communities that rely on fishing, and tourism.[33]

Although Quebec has a physical Atlantic coast on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, it is generally not considered an Atlantic Province; instead, it is classified as part of Central Canada, along with Ontario.[37]

Atlantic and Central Canada together are also known as Eastern Canada. Atlantic Canada includes a section of the Appalachian Mountains known as the Appalachian Uplands.[38] In each Atlantic province, Upland regions have been divided into three highland areas. The mountain range results in coastal regions being fjorded. Some areas contain glaciofluvial deposits.[39][40]

Economy

[edit]

Atlantic Canada's primary industries are natural resource extraction and power generation including fishing,[41] hydroelectricity,[42] wind power,[43] forestry,[44] oil,[45] and mining.[19][33][46] The Atlantic provinces contribute a significant part of Canada's fish production,[47][48] with many coastal communities primarily dependent on fisheries.[49] The access point for many of such fisheries being the Gulf of St. Lawrence[50] and the Atlantic continental shelf.[51][52]

Nova Scotia has historically been an exporter of gypsum and now produces over 60% of the gypsum in Canada.[19][53][54] Salt and iron is also mined in the Atlantic provinces.

Flag of New Brunswick
Flag of Prince Edward Island
Flag of Nova Scotia
Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hornborg, Anne-Christine (2016-07-22). Mi'kmaq Landscapes. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315595375. ISBN 978-1-317-09622-1.
  2. ^ Henriksen, Georg (2022-12-31). Hunters in the Barrens: The Naskapi on the Edge of the White Man's World. Berghahn Books. doi:10.1515/9780857453679. ISBN 978-0-85745-367-9.
  3. ^ Chare, Nicholas (2022-12-31), Bienvenue, Valérie; Chare, Nicholas (eds.), "Chapter 4. The Beothuk, the Great Auk and the Newfoundland Wolf: Animal and Human Genocide in Canada's Easternmost Province", Animals, Plants and Afterimages, Berghahn Books, pp. 113–136, doi:10.1515/9781800734265-007 (inactive 2024-10-05), ISBN 978-1-80073-426-5, retrieved 2024-10-05{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2024 (link)
  4. ^ Carr, Steven M. (2020). "Evidence for the persistence of ancient Beothuk and Maritime Archaic mitochondrial DNA genome lineages among modern Native American peoples". Genome. 63 (7): 349–355. doi:10.1139/gen-2019-0149. ISSN 0831-2796. PMID 32283039.
  5. ^ Cuerrier, Alain; Clark, Courtenay; Dwyer-Samuel, Frédéric; Rapinski, Michel (2022). "Nunatsiavut, 'our beautiful land': Inuit landscape ethnoecology in Labrador, Canada". Botany. 100 (2): 159–174. doi:10.1139/cjb-2021-0112. ISSN 1916-2790.
  6. ^ a b White, Graham (2023). "We are in charge here": Inuit self-government and the Nunatsiavut Assembly. Toronto Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-5274-9.
  7. ^ Natcher, David C.; Felt, Larry; Procter, Andrea H., eds. (2012). Settlement, subsistence, and change among the Labrador Inuit: the Nunatsiavummiut experience. Contemporary studies on the North. Winnipeg: Univ. of Manitoba Press. ISBN 978-0-88755-419-3.
  8. ^ Nydal, Reidar (1989). "A Critical Review of Radiocarbon Dating of a Norse Settlement at L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland Canada". Radiocarbon. 31 (3): 976–985. Bibcode:1989Radcb..31..976N. doi:10.1017/S0033822200012613. ISSN 0033-8222.
  9. ^ a b Ledger, Paul M.; Girdland-Flink, Linus; Forbes, Véronique (2019-07-30). "New horizons at L'Anse aux Meadows". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (31): 15341–15343. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11615341L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1907986116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6681721. PMID 31308231.
  10. ^ Wallace, Birgitta (2003). "The Norse in Newfoundland: L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland". Newfoundland & Labrador Studies. 19 (1). ISSN 1715-1430.
  11. ^ Crocker, Christopher (2020). "What We Talk about When We Talk about Vínland: History, Whiteness, Indigenous Erasure, and the Early Norse Presence in Newfoundland". Canadian Journal of History. 55 (1–2): 91–122. doi:10.3138/cjh-2019-0028. ISSN 0008-4107.
  12. ^ Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; Lindsay, Charles; Scifo, Andrea; Doeve, Petra; Jenkins, Kevin; Lindauer, Susanne; Erdil, Pınar; Ledger, Paul M.; Forbes, Véronique; Vermeeren, Caroline; Friedrich, Ronny; Dee, Michael W. (2022-01-20). "Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021". Nature. 601 (7893): 388–391. Bibcode:2022Natur.601..388K. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8770119. PMID 34671168.
  13. ^ "History of Acadia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  14. ^ "Wabanaki". 2011-07-19. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  15. ^ Reid, John G., ed. (2004). The "conquest" of Acadia, 1710: imperial, colonial, and aboriginal constructions. Toronto ; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3755-8. OCLC 51923070.
  16. ^ a b Laxer, James (2006). The Acadians in search of a homeland. S.l.: Doubleday Canada. ISBN 978-0-385-66108-9.
  17. ^ Grenier, John (2008). The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710–1760. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3876-3. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  18. ^ a b Pratson, Frederick (1995). Loverseed, Helga (ed.). Guide to Eastern Canada (5th ed.). Old Saybrook, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-1-56440-635-4. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
  19. ^ a b c Reid, John G.; Bowen, H.V.; Mancke, Elizabeth (2009). "Is There a "Canadian" Atlantic World?". International Journal of Maritime History. 21 (1): 263–295. doi:10.1177/084387140902100112. ISSN 0843-8714.
  20. ^ a b Lemer-Fleury, Alice (2018-12-31). "Colonial policies and propaganda: the making of British North America as an anti-republican refuge after the War of Independence (c. 1783–1815)". Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies (85): 29–48. doi:10.4000/eccs.1425. ISSN 0153-1700.
  21. ^ Gilroy, Marion (1933-12-01). "The Partition of Nova Scotia, 1784". Canadian Historical Review. 14 (4): 375–391. doi:10.3138/chr-014-04-02. ISSN 0008-3755.
  22. ^ Lennox, Jeffers (2015). "A Time and a Place: The Geography of British, French, and Aboriginal Interactions in Early Nova Scotia, 1726–44". The William and Mary Quarterly. 72 (3): 423–460. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.72.3.0423. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 10.5309/willmaryquar.72.3.0423.
  23. ^ Condon, Ann Gorman (1987-01-01). "Loyalist Style and the Culture of the Atlantic Seaboard". Material Culture Review. ISSN 1927-9264.
  24. ^ Errington, Jane (2012). "Loyalists and Loyalism in the American Revolution and Beyond". Acadiensis. 41 (2): 164–174. ISSN 0044-5851.
  25. ^ Mancke, Elizabeth (1997). "Another British America: A Canadian model for the early modern British Empire". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 25 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1080/03086539708582991. ISSN 0308-6534.
  26. ^ Bogdanowicz, Mateusz (2020-12-01). "Hope Restored: the United Empire Loyalist Settlement in British North America, 1775–1812". Echa Przeszłości (XXI/1). doi:10.31648/ep.6139. ISSN 1509-9873.
  27. ^ a b c Slumkoski, Corey (2011). Inventing Atlantic Canada: Regionalism and the Maritime Reaction to Newfoundland's Entry into Canadian Confederation. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-1158-0. JSTOR 10.3138/j.ctt2ttxrc.
  28. ^ Overton, James (2000). "Sparking A Cultural Revolution: Joey Smallwood, Farley Mowat, Harold Horwood and Newfoundland's Cultural Renaissance". Newfoundland Studies. 16 (2): 166–204. ISSN 1198-8614.
  29. ^ Lowenthal, David (2017). "Canadian Historical Nonchalance and Newfoundland Exceptionalism". Acadiensis. 46 (1): 152–162. ISSN 0044-5851.
  30. ^ a b Buckner, Phillip (2018-11-30), Heidt, Daniel (ed.), "The Maritimes and the Debate Over Confederation", Reconsidering Confederation, University of Calgary Press, pp. 101–143, doi:10.1515/9781773850177-007, ISBN 978-1-77385-017-7, retrieved 2024-10-05
  31. ^ Moore, Christopher (1997). 1867: How the Fathers Made a Deal. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: M&S. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
  32. ^ Kennedy, Gilbert D. (1949–1950). "Amendment of the British North America Acts in Relation to British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland". University of Toronto Law Journal. 8: 208. doi:10.2307/824545. JSTOR 824545.
  33. ^ a b c d e Bone, Robert M. (2008). "Atlantic Canada". The regional geography of Canada (4th ed.). Don Mills, Ont. ; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-542536-9.
  34. ^ Tremblay, Rémy; Chicoine, Hugues, eds. (2013). The geographies of Canada. "Canadian studies" series. Bruxelles: P.I.E Peter Lang. ISBN 978-2-87574-017-5.
  35. ^ Richardson, Mark (2021-12-17). "You can now drive from Canada to France, so we took a road trip". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
  36. ^ "St Pierre and Miquelon profile". BBC News. 2012-02-23. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
  37. ^ Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (2009-09-01). "Discover Canada - Canada's Regions". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  38. ^ "Social Studies | Regions of Canada | Atlantic Region". gradefive.mrpolsky.com. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  39. ^ Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada (2016-09-12). "Natural Resources Canada. The Atlas of Canada. Physiographic Regions of Canada". atlas.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  40. ^ "Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  41. ^ "The Fishery". Atlantic Insight. Impact Publishing Limited. 1985-01-01. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
  42. ^ McLaughlin, Brian (2023-02-02). "Atlantic Canada: wind, hydrogen and the folks working to realize the potential". Atlantic Business Magazine. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
  43. ^ Ayers, Tom (2024-04-08). "Company in Sydney Harbour launches new business marshalling offshore wind turbine parts". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
  44. ^ Clancy, Peter (2001-12-31), Howlett, Michael (ed.), "Chapter 8. Atlantic Canada: The Politics of Private and Public Forestry", Canadian Forest Policy, University of Toronto Press, pp. 205–236, doi:10.3138/9781442672192-010, ISBN 978-1-4426-7219-2, retrieved 2024-10-05
  45. ^ Laxer, Gordon (2015). After the sands: energy and ecological security for Canadians. Madeira Park, BC: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-77162-100-7.
  46. ^ Lopez-Pacheco, Alexandra (2022-06-14). "The new Atlantic Canada exploration boom". Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
  47. ^ Halliday, R. G.; Fanning, L. P. (2006). "A History of Marine Fisheries Science in Atlantic Canada and its Role in the Management of Fisheries". Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science. 43.
  48. ^ Flaherty, Mark; Reid, Gregor; Chopin, Thierry; Latham, Erin (2019). "Public attitudes towards marine aquaculture in Canada: insights from the Pacific and Atlantic coasts". Aquaculture International. 27 (1): 9–32. Bibcode:2019AqInt..27....9F. doi:10.1007/s10499-018-0312-9. ISSN 0967-6120.
  49. ^ Myers, Ransom A.; Hutchings, Jeffrey A.; Barrowman, Nicholas J. (1997). "Why do Fish Stocks Collapse? The Example of Cod in Atlantic Canada". Ecological Applications. 7 (1): 91–106. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0091:WDFSCT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1051-0761.
  50. ^ Brosset, P; Durant, Jm; Van Beveren, E; Plourde, S (2019-08-15). "Fish population growth in the Gulf of St Lawrence: effects of climate, fishing and predator abundance". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 624: 167–181. Bibcode:2019MEPS..624..167B. doi:10.3354/meps13029. hdl:10852/78160. ISSN 0171-8630.
  51. ^ "Natural Resources in the Atlantic Provinces". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  52. ^ Kerr, S R; Ryder, R A (1997-05-01). "The Laurentian Great Lakes experience: a prognosis for the fisheries of Atlantic Canada". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 54 (5): 1190–1197. doi:10.1139/f97-076. ISSN 0706-652X.
  53. ^ Ryan, Robert; O'Beirne-Ryan, Ann Marie (2000). Physical geology of Canada to Supplement Understanding Earth. W.H. Freeman and Comapny. ISBN 978-0-7167-4121-3. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
  54. ^ How (1868). "Contributions to the mineralogy of Nova Scotia". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 35 (234): 32–41. doi:10.1080/14786446808639936. ISSN 1941-5982.

Further reading

[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Atlantic Provinces.
Look up Atlantic Canada in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

47°N 62°W / 47°N 62°W / 47; -62

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